Velký seznam IT zkratek (500+)

Tento seznam slouží jako rychlá reference pro pojmy z oblasti softwarového vývoje, hardwaru, sítí a digitálního byznysu.

Zkratka Význam Oblast
1GL First-Generation Language (strojový kód) Programming
2FA Two-Factor Authentication Security
3GL Third-Generation Language (C, Java atd.) Programming
4GL Fourth-Generation Language (SQL atd.) Programming
5G Fifth Generation Wireless Networking
A11Y Accessibility (Numeronym) Web Design
AAC Advanced Audio Coding Multimedia
ABI Application Binary Interface Programming
ABM Account Based Marketing Business
ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Hardware
ACID Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability Database
ACK Acknowledge (potvrzení) Networking
ACL Access Control List Security
AD Active Directory Administration
ADB Android Debug Bridge Mobile
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter Hardware
AES Advanced Encryption Standard Security
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port Hardware
AI Artificial Intelligence Emerging Tech
AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Web Dev
ALM Application Lifecycle Management DevOps
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Hardware
AM Amplitude Modulation Networking
AMD Advanced Micro Devices Hardware
AMI Amazon Machine Image Cloud
AMP Accelerated Mobile Pages Web Dev
ANN Artificial Neural Network AI/ML
ANSI American National Standards Institute Standards
ANT Another Neat Tool (build nástroj) Programming
AOP Aspect-Oriented Programming Programming
AP Access Point Networking
API Application Programming Interface Web/Software
APK Android Package Kit Mobile
APM Application Performance Monitoring DevOps
APT Advanced Persistent Threat Security
AR Augmented Reality Emerging Tech
ARM Advanced RISC Machine Hardware
ARP Address Resolution Protocol Networking
ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit Hardware
ASN Autonomous System Number Networking
ASP Active Server Pages Web Dev
ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit Hardware
ATX Advanced Technology eXtended Hardware
AV Antivirus Security
AVR Audio/Video Receiver Multimedia
AWS Amazon Web Services Cloud
B2B Business-to-Business Business
B2C Business-to-Consumer Business
B2G Business-to-Government Business
BASH Bourne Again SHell Administration
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Programming
BCD Binary Coded Decimal Hardware
BCP Business Continuity Planning Management
BGP Border Gateway Protocol Networking
BI Business Intelligence Data
BEM Block Element Modifier CSS
BIOS Basic Input/Output System Hardware
BISC Complex Instruction Set Computer Hardware
BLOB Binary Large Object Database
BMP Bitmap Graphics
BNC Bayonet Neill–Concelman (konektor) Networking
BOINC Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing Distributed Systems
BPM Business Process Management Business
BPS Bits Per Second Networking
BSD Berkeley Software Distribution OS
BSSID Basic Service Set Identifier Networking
BT Bluetooth Networking
BYOD Bring Your Own Device Business/Security
C2C Consumer-to-Consumer Business
CA Certificate Authority Security
CAD Computer-Aided Design Engineering
CAE Computer-Aided Engineering Engineering
CAP Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance Distributed Systems
CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart Security
CAS Central Authentication Service Security
CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering Software
CAT Category (např. Cat5e kabel) Networking
CAV Constant Angular Velocity Hardware
CC Carbon Copy (u e-mailu) Communication
CCD Charge-Coupled Device Hardware
CD Continuous Deployment / Compact Disc DevOps/Hardware
CDN Content Delivery Network Web Dev
CERT Computer Emergency Response Team Security
CF CompactFlash Hardware
CGI Common Gateway Interface Web Dev
CI Continuous Integration DevOps
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing Networking
CIO Chief Information Officer Management
CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer Hardware
CLI Command Line Interface Administration
CLR Common Language Runtime Programming
CMDB Configuration Management Database ITIL
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Hardware
CMS Content Management System Web Dev
CN Common Name Security
CNAME Canonical Name DNS
COBOL Common Business-Oriented Language Programming
CPU Central Processing Unit Hardware
CR Carriage Return Text
CRM Customer Relationship Management Business
CRUD Create, Read, Update, Delete Programming
CRT Cathode Ray Tube Hardware
CS Computer Science Education
CSR Certificate Signing Request Security
CSRF Cross-Site Request Forgery Security
CSS Cascading Style Sheets Web Dev
CSV Comma-Separated Values Data
CTAN Comprehensive TeX Archive Network Software
CTO Chief Technology Officer Management
CTR Click-Through Rate Marketing
CUDA Compute Unified Device Architecture Hardware/GPU
CVE Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures Security
CVS Concurrent Versions System VCS
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter Hardware
DAO Data Access Object Programming
DAP Directory Access Protocol Networking
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency History/Research
DAT Digital Audio Tape Hardware
DB Database Data
DBA Database Administrator Data
DBMS Database Management System Data
DC Data Center / Direct Current Infrastructure
DCE Data Communications Equipment Networking
DDL Data Definition Language Database
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service Security
DE Desktop Environment OS
DER Distinguished Encoding Rules Security
DES Data Encryption Standard Security
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Networking
DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module Hardware
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung (konektor) Hardware
DIP Dual In-line Package Hardware
DLL Dynamic Link Library OS/Programming
DLP Data Loss Prevention Security
DMA Direct Memory Access Hardware
DML Data Manipulation Language Database
DMZ Demilitarized Zone Networking
DNS Domain Name System Networking
DOM Document Object Model Web Dev
DOS Disk Operating System / Denial of Service OS/Security
DP DisplayPort Hardware
DPI Dots Per Inch Hardware
DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory Hardware
DRY Don't Repeat Yourself Programming
DSL Digital Subscriber Line Networking
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer Networking
DSN Data Source Name Database
DSP Digital Signal Processor Hardware
DTE Data Terminal Equipment Networking
DTP Desktop Publishing Design
DVI Digital Visual Interface Hardware
DVR Digital Video Recorder Multimedia
DW Data Warehouse Data
EAI Enterprise Application Integration Software
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol Networking
ECC Error-Correcting Code Hardware
ECM Enterprise Content Management Business
EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud (AWS) Cloud
EDA Electronic Design Automation Engineering
EDI Electronic Data Interchange Business
EDP Electronic Data Processing Business
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Hardware
EFI Extensible Firmware Interface Hardware
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol Networking
EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics Hardware
EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Networking
ELF Executable and Linkable Format OS
ELT Extract, Load, Transform Data
EML Electronic Mail Communication
EOF End of File Programming
EOL End of Life / End of Line Management/Text
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Hardware
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning Business
ESD Electrostatic Discharge Hardware
ETL Extract, Transform, Load Data
EULA End User License Agreement Legal
FAT File Allocation Table OS/File System
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions General
FBDIMM Fully Buffered Dual In-line Memory Module Hardware
FCC Federal Communications Commission Standards
FDD Floppy Disk Drive Hardware
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface Networking
FEC Forward Error Correction Networking
FIFO First In, First Out Programming
FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards Standards
FLAC Free Lossless Audio Codec Multimedia
FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second Performance
FPU Floating Point Unit Hardware
FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name Networking
FSB Front Side Bus Hardware
FSF Free Software Foundation General
FSM Finite State Machine Computer Science
FTP File Transfer Protocol Networking
FTTH Fiber To The Home Networking
FXP File Exchange Protocol Networking
G11N Globalization Business/Software
GbE Gigabit Ethernet Networking
GCP Google Cloud Platform Cloud
GDI Graphics Device Interface OS
GDDR Graphics Double Data Rate Hardware
GE Gigabit Ethernet Networking
GIF Graphics Interchange Format Graphics
GIS Geographic Information System Data
GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out Computer Science
GNU GNU's Not Unix OS
GPL General Public License Legal
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Networking
GPU Graphics Processing Unit Hardware
GPT GUID Partition Table OS/File System
GRUB Grand Unified Bootloader OS
GSM Global System for Mobile communications Networking
GUI Graphical User Interface OS/Web
GUID Globally Unique Identifier Computer Science
HAL Hardware Abstraction Layer OS
HDD Hard Disk Drive Hardware
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface Hardware
HDFS Hadoop Distributed File System Data
HID Human Interface Device Hardware
HLS HTTP Live Streaming Multimedia
HMA High Memory Area Hardware
HPR High Performance Routing Networking
HPC High-Performance Computing Infrastructure
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access Networking
HSM Hardware Security Module Security
HSPA High Speed Packet Access Networking
HT Hyper-Threading Hardware
HTML HyperText Markup Language Web Dev
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Networking
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Networking
HVM Hardware Virtual Machine Virtualization
HZ Hertz Physics/Hardware
I18N Internationalization Software
IaaS Infrastructure as a Service Cloud
IAM Identity and Access Management Security
IC Integrated Circuit Hardware
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Standards
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Networking
ICT Information and Communications Technology General
IDE Integrated Development Environment Programming
IDS Intrusion Detection System Security
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Standards
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol Networking
IIS Internet Information Services Administration
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol Networking
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity Mobile
IOT Internet of Things Emerging Tech
IP Internet Protocol / Intellectual Property Networking/Legal
IPC Inter-Process Communication OS
IPP Internet Printing Protocol Networking
IPS Intrusion Prevention System / In-Plane Switching Security/Hardware
IPSEC Internet Protocol Security Security
IPTV Internet Protocol Television Multimedia
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 Networking
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 Networking
IRC Internet Relay Chat Communication
IRQ Interrupt Request Hardware
ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method Database
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Networking
ISO International Organization for Standardization Standards
ISP Internet Service Provider Networking
ISR Interrupt Service Routine OS
IT Information Technology General
ITIL Information Technology Infrastructure Library Management
ITU International Telecommunication Union Standards
IVR Interactive Voice Response Telephony
J2EE Java 2 Enterprise Edition Programming
JAR Java Archive Programming
JDK Java Development Kit Programming
JIT Just-In-Time (compiler) Programming
JMS Java Message Service Programming
JNDI Java Naming and Directory Interface Programming
JRE Java Runtime Environment Programming
JSON JavaScript Object Notation Data
JSP JavaServer Pages Web Dev
JVM Java Virtual Machine Programming
K8S Kubernetes DevOps
KB Kilobyte / Knowledge Base Data/Management
KVM Kernel-based Virtual Machine Virtualization
L10N Localization Software
LAN Local Area Network Networking
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Networking
LED Light Emitting Diode Hardware
LIFO Last In, First Out Computer Science
LILO Linux Loader OS
LISP List Processing Programming
LLM Large Language Model AI
LLC Logical Link Control Networking
LVM Logical Volume Management Administration
MAC Media Access Control / Mandatory Access Control Networking/Security
MAN Metropolitan Area Network Networking
MAPI Messaging Application Programming Interface Communication
MB Motherboard / Megabyte Hardware/Data
MBR Master Boot Record OS/File System
MC Microcontroller Hardware
MDM Mobile Device Management Administration
ME Management Engine (Intel) Hardware
MFA Multi-Factor Authentication Security
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface Multimedia
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Networking
MIS Management Information System Business
MITM Man-In-The-Middle Security
ML Machine Learning AI
MLC Multi-Level Cell Hardware
MMU Memory Management Unit Hardware
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service Mobile
MOBO Motherboard Hardware
MOS Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Hardware
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group Multimedia
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching Networking
MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport IoT
MSB Most Significant Bit Computer Science
MSDN Microsoft Developer Network Programming
MSI Message Signaled Interrupts Hardware
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit Networking
MVC Model-View-Controller Programming
MVP Minimum Viable Product Management
MX Mail Exchange (DNS record) DNS
NAS Network Attached Storage Hardware
NAT Network Address Translation Networking
NCP NetWare Core Protocol Networking
NDR Network Detection and Response Security
NFC Near Field Communication Mobile/Hardware
NFS Network File System Networking
NIC Network Interface Card Hardware
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Standards
NLP Natural Language Processing AI
NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt Hardware
NOC Network Operations Center Administration
NOS Network Operating System OS
NOSQL Not Only SQL Database
NPM Node Package Manager Programming
NRZ Non-Return-to-Zero Networking
NSA National Security Agency Security/Politics
NS Name Server DNS
NTFS New Technology File System File System
NTP Network Time Protocol Networking
NVRAM Non-Volatile Random Access Memory Hardware
NVMe Non-Volatile Memory express Hardware
O11Y Observability DevOps
OA Office Automation Business
OAuth Open Authorization Security
ODBC Open Database Connectivity Database
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer Business
OID Object Identifier Networking/SNMP
OLA Operating Level Agreement ITIL
OLAP Online Analytical Processing Data
OLTP Online Transaction Processing Data
ONVIF Open Network Video Interface Forum Security/CCTV
OOP Object-Oriented Programming Programming
OPC Open Platform Communications Industrial
ORM Object-Relational Mapping Programming
OS Operating System Software
OSI Open Systems Interconnection Networking
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Networking
OSS Open Source Software General
OTA Over-The-Air Mobile/Update
OTG On-The-Go (USB) Hardware
OTP One-Time Password Security
OVF Open Virtualization Format Virtualization
OWASP Open Web Application Security Project Security
P2P Peer-to-Peer Networking
PaaS Platform as a Service Cloud
PAN Personal Area Network Networking
PATA Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment Hardware
PBX Private Branch Exchange Telephony
PCB Printed Circuit Board Hardware
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect Hardware
PCIe PCI Express Hardware
PCL Printer Command Language Hardware
PCM Pulse-Code Modulation Multimedia
PDA Personal Digital Assistant Hardware/History
PDF Portable Document Format Document
PDN Public Data Network Networking
PDU Power Distribution Unit / Protocol Data Unit Infrastructure/Networking
PE Portable Executable OS
PERL Practical Extraction and Reporting Language Programming
PGA Pin Grid Array Hardware
PHP PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor Programming
PIO Programmed Input/Output Hardware
PKI Public Key Infrastructure Security
PLC Programmable Logic Controller Industrial
PM Project Manager Management
PNG Portable Network Graphics Graphics
POE Power over Ethernet Networking
POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 Networking
POS Point of Sale Business
POST Power-On Self-Test Hardware
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Telephony
PPM Pages Per Minute Hardware
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol Networking
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol Networking
PR Pull Request VCS
PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory Hardware
PS PowerShell / PostScript Administration/Graphics
PSU Power Supply Unit Hardware
PWA Progressive Web App Web Dev
PXE Preboot Execution Environment Networking
QA Quality Assurance Software
QC Quality Control Software
QEMU Quick Emulator Virtualization
QOS Quality of Service Networking
QR Quick Response (Code) General
RAD Rapid Application Development Software
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service Networking
RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks Hardware/Storage
RAM Random Access Memory Hardware
RDBMS Relational Database Management System Data
RDP Remote Desktop Protocol Networking
RE Reverse Engineering Security/Programming
RE Regular Expression (Regex) Programming
REST Representational State Transfer Web Dev
RF Radio Frequency Networking
RFC Request for Comments Standards
RFID Radio Frequency Identification Hardware
RGB Red Green Blue Graphics
RIA Rich Internet Application Web Dev
RIP Routing Information Protocol Networking
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer Hardware
RLO Right-to-Left Override Security/Text
RMI Remote Method Invocation Programming
RMS Root Mean Square Physics/Audio
ROM Read-Only Memory Hardware
RPC Remote Procedure Call Programming
RPM Red Hat Package Manager Administration
RSA Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (šifra) Security
RSS Really Simple Syndication Web
RTC Real-Time Clock Hardware
RTF Rich Text Format Document
RTOS Real-Time Operating System OS
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol Networking
RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol Multimedia
RWD Responsive Web Design Web Dev
SaaS Software as a Service Cloud
SAM Security Accounts Manager Security
SAN Storage Area Network Networking
SAR Specific Absorption Rate Mobile
SAS Serial Attached SCSI Hardware
SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Hardware
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Industrial
SDK Software Development Kit Programming
SDLC Software Development Life Cycle Software
SDN Software-Defined Networking Networking
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Hardware
SDS Software-Defined Storage Infrastructure
SEC Security Security
SEO Search Engine Optimization Marketing
SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol Networking
SHA Secure Hash Algorithm Security
SIM Subscriber Identity Module Mobile
SIMD Single Instruction, Multiple Data Hardware
SIP Session Initiation Protocol Telephony
SLA Service Level Agreement ITIL
SLC Single-Level Cell Hardware
SLO Service Level Objective ITIL
SLI Scalable Link Interface (Nvidia) Hardware
SM Symmetric Multiprocessing Hardware
SMB Server Message Block Networking
SME Subject Matter Expert Management
SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply Hardware
SMS Short Message Service Mobile
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Networking
SNAT Source Network Address Translation Networking
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Networking
SOA Service-Oriented Architecture Software
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol Web Dev
SOC System on a Chip / Security Operations Center Hardware/Security
SOHO Small Office/Home Office Business
SOLID Object-oriented design principles Programming
SONET Synchronous Optical Networking Networking
SOP Same-Origin Policy Security
SPA Single Page Application Web Dev
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface Hardware
SPIT Spam over Internet Telephony Telephony
SQL Structured Query Language Data
SRAM Static Random Access Memory Hardware
SSD Solid State Drive Hardware
SSH Secure Shell Networking
SSID Service Set Identifier Networking
SSL Secure Sockets Layer Security
SSO Single Sign-On Security
SSP Storage Service Provider Cloud
SSR Server Side Rendering Web Dev
STMP Simple Text Management Protocol Networking
STP Spanning Tree Protocol Networking
SUV Standard Utility Vehicle (v IT kontextu výjimečně) General
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics Graphics
SVN Subversion VCS
SW Software General
SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication Finance
TCO Total Cost of Ownership Business
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Networking
TDD Test-Driven Development Software
TDM Time-Division Multiplexing Networking
TDP Thermal Design Power Hardware
TELNET Teletype Network Networking
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol Networking
TI Texas Instruments Hardware
TIFF Tagged Image File Format Graphics
TLA Three-Letter Acronym Humor/General
TLD Top-Level Domain DNS
TLS Transport Layer Security Security
TNC Threaded Neill–Concelman (konektor) Networking
TOR The Onion Router Networking
TPM Trusted Platform Module Security/Hardware
TPS Transactions Per Second Performance
TRACERT Trace Route Networking
TTL Time To Live Networking
TTY Teletypewriter OS
TUX Torvalds Unix (Linux maskot) OS
UA User Agent Web Dev
UAC User Account Control OS/Security
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter Hardware
UAT User Acceptance Testing Software
UDP User Datagram Protocol Networking
UEFI Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Hardware
UI User Interface Design
UID User Identifier OS
UML Unified Modeling Language Software
UNC Universal Naming Convention Administration
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply Hardware
URI Uniform Resource Identifier Web Dev
URL Uniform Resource Locator Web Dev
URN Uniform Resource Name Web Dev
USB Universal Serial Bus Hardware
UTC Coordinated Universal Time Standards
UTF Unicode Transformation Format Standards
UTM Unified Threat Management Security
UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair Networking
UUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy Networking
UUID Universally Unique Identifier Computer Science
UX User Experience Design
VAR Value-Added Reseller Business
VB Visual Basic Programming
VCS Version Control System VCS
VDI Virtual Desktop Infrastructure Virtualization
VDSL Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line Networking
VESA Video Electronics Standards Association Standards
VGA Video Graphics Array Hardware
VHD Virtual Hard Disk Virtualization
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network Networking
VLB VESA Local Bus Hardware
VLIW Very Long Instruction Word Hardware
VM Virtual Machine Virtualization
VMM Virtual Machine Monitor Virtualization
VNC Virtual Network Computing Networking
VOIP Voice over IP Telephony
VPC Virtual Private Cloud Cloud
VPN Virtual Private Network Networking
VPS Virtual Private Server Cloud
VPU Visual Processing Unit Hardware
VR Virtual Reality Emerging Tech
VRAM Video Random Access Memory Hardware
VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Networking
VS Visual Studio Programming
VTC Video Teleconferencing Communication
VXLAN Virtual Extensible LAN Networking
W3C World Wide Web Consortium Standards
WAF Web Application Firewall Security
WAI Web Accessibility Initiative Standards
WAN Wide Area Network Networking
WAP Wireless Access Point / Wireless Application Protocol Networking
WAV Waveform Audio File Format Multimedia
WDM Windows Driver Model OS
WEM Workspace Environment Management Administration
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Security
WIFI Wireless Fidelity Networking
WIMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Networking
WININS Windows Installer OS
WINS Windows Internet Name Service Networking
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Networking
WMI Windows Management Instrumentation Administration
WML Wireless Markup Language Mobile/History
WOL Wake-on-LAN Networking
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access Security
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network Networking
WSDL Web Services Description Language Web Dev
WSL Windows Subsystem for Linux OS
WWW World Wide Web Web
WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get Software
XAG XML Accessibility Guidelines Standards
XAML Extensible Application Markup Language Programming
XHTML Extensible HyperText Markup Language Web Dev
XML Extensible Markup Language Data
XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol Communication
XSS Cross-Site Scripting Security
YAML YAML Ain't Markup Language Data
Y2K Year 2000 History
ZIF Zero Insertion Force Hardware
ZIFS Zero Insertion Force Socket Hardware
ZIP Zone Information Protocol / Archive format Networking/File